Odlewanie ciśnieniowe aluminium jest powszechną techniką produkcji obudów silników. Jest ona wystarczająco wydajna, aby pokonać każdy poziom złożoności projektu. Proces rozpoczyna się od podgrzania aluminium do temperatury topnienia i włożenia go do formy. Obudowy silników wykonane z aluminium mają mniejszą wagę niż przeciętnie, są trwalsze i mają doskonałą przewodność cieplną.

Odkryjmy, w jaki sposób proces odlewania ciśnieniowego wytwarza ten produkt przy użyciu odpowiednich stopów oraz jakie są jego zastosowania i zalety.

Zalety odlewów ciśnieniowych z aluminium dla obudów silników

Odlewanie ciśnieniowe aluminium do obudów silników jest idealnym procesem. Wynika to z faktu, że zapewnia on rzeczywistą wytrzymałość i trwałość, aby wytrzymać intensywne ciepło.

Stopy takie jak A380, ADC12 i A356 są najlepszymi materiałami do stosowania w obudowach silników. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że stop A380 charakteryzuje się dużą wytrzymałością na rozciąganie wynoszącą 310 MPa. Oznacza to, że może on wytrzymać duże obciążenia.

Tymczasem ADC12 jest kolejną preferowaną opcją tylko dlatego, że ma przewodność cieplną 96-105 W/m-K. Zwykle pomaga to w rozpraszaniu ciepła.

Natomiast stal A356 oferuje nie tylko najlepszą jakość części, ale może osiągnąć wydłużenie do 7%. Oznacza to, że jest bardziej odporny na uderzenia. Wydłużenie zależy jednak od warunków obróbki cieplnej.

Wszystkie te cechy razem sprawiają, że aluminiowa obudowa jest idealnym wyborem w zastosowaniach motoryzacyjnych, lotniczych i przemysłowych.

Wskaźniki wydajności

Lekka waga:

Podczas pracy z aluminium, części są lekkie. Na przykład, części te są 60% mniej ciężkie niż żeliwo. Oznacza to, że łatwo jest obsługiwać obudowy silników i transportować je.

Wysoka precyzja:

Odlewanie ciśnieniowe skutecznie przyjmuje profile produktów i nie tworzy wariantów. Jest to więc zasadniczo dobra opcja, aby osiągnąć wąskie tolerancje do +/- 0,05 mm.

Przewodność cieplna:

Silniki generują nadmierne ciepło podczas pracy. Dlatego też aluminium generalnie lepiej sprawdza się w obudowach silników ze względu na swoje dobre właściwości. przewodność cieplna. Utrzymuje komponenty w niskiej temperaturze. Na przykład stop aluminium A356 ma przewodność cieplną 150 W/m-K.

Przewodność elektryczna:

Certain motor designs need good electric conductivity. So, aluminum is also good enough for this property.

Wytrzymałość zmęczeniowa:

The material of motor housings, however, must handle repeated stress without breaking. For this, an alloy like A380 is suitable because it gives the required durability and lasts longer.

Analiza kosztów

Całkowity koszt posiadania:

The upfront tooling cost of die casting becomes affordable because of what its long-run use does. Also, aluminum is not as costly as steel, and the casting process reduces waste.

Porównanie z innymi metodami:

The simplicity of the process, including fewer steps, makes it less costly than other methods of casting and machining.

Wpływ na środowisko

The die-casting process turns excessive material into reuse projects. Because aluminum is 100% recyclable and does not impact the environment much. Besides, its lightweight feature uses less energy, alternatively saving 25% fuel use.

Uwagi projektowe dotyczące obudów silników odlewanych ciśnieniowo z aluminium

MES i symulacja

The processing of finite element analysis uses computer simulations. It improves designs and warns of upcoming defects before manufacturing. For example, stress points, heat flow, etc. So that the motor housing works efficiently.

Analiza naprężeń/odkształceń:

In the case of stress resistance,  simulations help manufacturers to identify weak points, even the reinforced areas prone to cracks. Additionally, using A380 alloy can aid in handling stresses around 150–200 MPa. That’s usually equal to car engine parts.

Analiza termiczna:

Simulations figure out heat movement capabilities while designing cooling structures. This is because motor housing must stay under 150°C without releasing excessive heat.

Redukcja defektów:

Simulation tools help eliminate defect chances, such as air porosity, by around 30–50%.

Projekt systemu bramkowania i uruchamiania

Gating systems serve as pathways for molten metal, flowing it toward mold. Their placement techniques affect the quality and strength of outputs.

Prędkość przepływu:

The mold must be filled evenly, taking no more than 2 to 5 seconds. Excessive time increases the chances of air entrapment. That causes porosity (tiny holes)

Typy bramek:

• Tab Gates: They are 2–5 mm thick and well-suited for large and heavy parts.
• Pin Gates: They are 1–3 mm wide. You can use them for thin-walled parts like motor housing covers.
• Overflow Gates: They can capture impurities. These gates also improve surface finish by 20%.

Kontrola turbulencji:

The designing of runners in a good way gives strong and smooth parts. It reduces porosity up to 20–30%.

Szczegóły projektu matrycy

The mold is an important component in die casting. It shapes molten metal into the final part. Their designing techniques really have a significant impact on output. For example, slides and cores in the die make stated features like cooling fins. But somehow, their 3 to 5-layer addition raises prices by 10 to 15%.

Similarly, placing ejector pins, giving them space between 10–15 mm apart, stops parts from bending during the process.

Speaking about cooling channels, they must be around 5–10 mm wide. That’s because a reduction in cooling time accelerates production speed.

Zarządzanie ciepłem

Effective thermal management is important during casting to stop overheating. For example, using heat sinks and fins in die design creates enough surfaces (50–70%) from where the excessive heat in the parts can escape.

Besides this, cooling channels should be used that have lower temperatures (20–30°C).

Additionally, the dies that are based on water cooling cool quickly from 600°C to 200°C, taking no more than 1-2 minutes. That further aids in cycling and production efficiency.

Proces produkcji obudów silników odlewanych ciśnieniowo z aluminium

In a process like odlew aluminiowy motor housing, the parts contain strong, stated finishing. That’s the result of using high-pressure molten alloy injection.

Casting machines feed the heated metal into the die using a piston and shot sleeve. Whereas the platen works as the holding tool. The toggle clamp tightly secures it.

Also, manufacturers give casting the required pressure via a gas/oil accumulator to make the process smoother.

Rodzaje maszyn do odlewania ciśnieniowego

Maszyny z gorącą komorą:

Hot chamber die casting is well suited to alloys that do not contain high melting points. For example, zinc or lead. This is because high melting point metals like aluminum can damage machines’s equipment.

In the case of the hot chamber process, the manufacturers keep metal in a heated chamber. Wherein they pour it into the mold directly.

Maszyny z zimną komorą:

These machines are ideal for casting moderate to higher melting point alloys. For example, aluminum, copper, titanium, etc. During this technique, manufacturers use separate chambers to melt selected alloy. Then they transfer it into the mold using a ladle. The machine works at 10–175 MPa injection pressure. So that the liquid metal spreads evenly inside the areas.

Siła zacisku i czas cyklu:

The machine, however, uses 1,000–5,000 kN clamping force to close the mold tightly. Each cycle, including injection, cooling and ejection, is complete, taking no more than 30-120 seconds. That depends on part size and complexity.

Przygotowanie stopionego metalu

• Melting: This step is all about heating aluminum at 680–750°C in a furnace. The temperature must not be deviated from to avoid excessive oxidation and maintain fluidity.
• Degassing: This process is important in case of stopping molten alloy to absorb hydrogen from the air. The porosity occurs as a result. For this, degassing removes primarily hydrogen gas. It, therefore, prevents porosity and makes casting stronger.
• Filtering: There are impurities in metal, like oxides and non-metallic particles. That weakens the casting. This can be removed using a ceramic filter. Removal of impurities makes the metal more pure (15–25%) and creates a smooth finish.

Kontrola temperatury matrycy

Die temperature management is necessary to eliminate defects and make better parts. For instance, cooling channels inside the die circulate water or oil. Preventing warping and shrinkage, they uniformly cool the metal.

Similarly, heating elements meet the necessities of certain molds to be warm. So they stabilize the temperature and avoid cracks.

Also, temperature control systems maintain die temperature at around 150–250°C. They reduce cold shuts or excessive shrinkage.

Automatyzacja w odlewnictwie ciśnieniowym

Obsługa robotów:

Robot integration aids in cutting the overall cycle time (10–20%). Because they handle tasks beginning from melting to final products. This means there are fewer chances of error and results are more efficient.

Zautomatyzowane natryskiwanie matryc:

To evenly spread lubricants onto the die, automation is helpful. It sprays the hidden areas and extends the life part by 15–30%.

Kontrola jakości i testowanie obudów silników odlewanych ciśnieniowo z aluminium

Badania nieniszczące (NDT)

Metoda echa impulsów:

A transducer transmits ultrasonic waves into the housing. These waves reflect from defects when they do not pass through them. It focuses on parts nearly to indicate flaws in the metal.

Metoda transmisji:

During this technique, the personnel at the two transducers on both sides of the casting. If there is a defect, the waves will not pass through or weaken.

Techniki inspekcji

Kontrola rentgenowska:

These inspections analyze internal casting defects, like porosity or shrinkage. That could compromise actual performance. For example, ultrasound testing finds hidden cracks via high-frequency sound waves. Meanwhile, dye penetrant inspection helps locate surface defects with a certain dye.

Statystyczna kontrola procesu (SPC)

The attached automation sensors in machines like SPC identify pressure, heat, cooling rates, and cycle times in real-time. You can immediately adjust the parameters for better output. Also, they help in reducing defects by 20–40% and material waste. It gives consistency in the quality of each batch.

Ocena metalurgiczna

• Microstructure Analysis: It helps recognize the actual grain formation and metal distribution for durability.
• Compliance Checks: This process ensures that the housing meets ASTM B85 standards for mechanical strength.

Zastosowania i branże wykorzystujące obudowy silników odlewane ciśnieniowo z aluminium

Motoryzacja:

Aluminum motor housings are used in electric vehicle (EV) motors. They keep working efficiently, containing less weight. Also, thermal management gets better, and the battery lasts longer.

Lotnictwo i drony:

Housing in drone propulsion systems stops impacting extreme temperatures and vibrations. It runs operations smoothly.

Maszyny przemysłowe:

Many robotic arms, conveyor belts, and automated systems use motor housing. That’s because it gives structural integrity and dissipates heat for constant performance.

Energia odnawialna:

In varying weather conditions, these castings help maintain motor efficiency for wind turbines and solar tracking systems.

Sprzęt medyczny:

The motor housing is increasingly in demand in medical equipments. That is because of its precision design, compact size and durability.

Wnioski:

The most important things about aluminum die-casting motor housing are its strength, durability, and excellent heat dissipation. This is why it is the best option for motor parts, where its lightweight feature improves energy efficiency. Additionally, improvements in alloys and techniques take it towards stronger, more efficient, and eco-friendly solutions.